The Quadruple Alliance was more than a mere guarantee of the territorial settlement of Vienna and an alliance against renewed French expansionism. After the escape of Napoleon from Elba and his final defeat at Waterloo, the four allies had reconfirmed their alliance in a treaty, signed at Paris on 20 November 1815 ( 65 CTS 251, French text beginning on page 296, English version in 3 British and Foreign State Papers 273), the same day a new peace treaty was made with France (Second Peace Treaty of Paris, 65 CTS 251). The Treaty of Chaumont of 1 March 1814 ( 63 CTS 83) had already provided for the extension for at least 20 years of the wartime alliance into a cooperation to guarantee the future peace against renewed French aggression.
The ‘Concert of Europe’ was a continuation of the wartime alliance of the four great powers ranged against Napoleonic France. The other pillar, which became known as the ‘Concert of Europe’, was an agreement between the four leading powers that had brought Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821) to his knees-Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia-to sustain their alliance against France and jointly assume responsibility for the territorial status quo and the peace of Europe. The principle was invoked to contain France by strengthening its neighbours to the east-in Italy and Germany-and to the north-the United Kingdom and the Netherlands-and to reorganize the defunct Holy Roman Empire into a confederation of just under 40 states led by Austria and Prussia. If any leading principle could be discovered in the territorial settlement that was reached at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, it was the restoration of the balance of power. The Vienna system, the political and legal order of Europe after the fall of Napoleonic France, rested on two main pillars.
International Organizations/Institutions.Use of force, war, peace and neutrality.Statehood, jurisdiction of states, organs of states.Sources, foundations and principles of international law.
Relationship between international and domestic law.International law and international relations.International instruments and materials.
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